Sort out the facts about Asia in this quiz. The Bahrain Postal code format consists of 5 digits. Much of this population is concentrated in the north of the country with the Southern Governorate being the least densely populated part. Description Legal. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. [96] In the 1950s, the National Union Committee, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. [108] As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain. [31], In the 3rd century, Ardashir I, the first ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the ruler of Bahrain. [2] Bahrani Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect of the Arabic language, though it differs widely from standard Arabic, like all Arabic dialects. [243] In 2007 Bahrain became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefits as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Dr. Majeed Al Alawi.[244]. Associate Professor of Political Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. The first, held in 2002 was boycotted by the opposition, Al Wefaq, which won a majority in the second in 2006 and third in 2010. [255] Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in 1932. [192] However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening. [103][104], A popular uprising occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces. The Royal University for Women (RUW), established in 2005, was the first private, purpose-built, international university in Bahrain dedicated solely to educating women. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that year. Alger 21. Shia Bahrainis are divided into two main ethnic groups: Baharna and Ajam. [107] A referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter. Muhammad ordered a surprise attack on the Banu Salim tribe for allegedly plotting to attack Medina. Yet the people of Bahrain remain conservative in their lifeways. "[32] The Greek historian Theophrastus states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon. However, the name has been lexicalised as a feminine proper noun and does not follow the grammatical rules for duals; thus its form is always Bahrayn and never Bahrān, the expected nominative form. Radio, much like the television network, is mostly state-run and usually in Arabic. Muharraq is the third largest city in Bahrain and was the capital city of the country until 1932 when Manama replaced Muharraq. [141] Twenty-five species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded as well as 21 species of butterflies and 307 species of flora. [299] The first hospital in Bahrain was the American Mission Hospital, which opened in 1893 as a dispensary. The Bahrain airport remains open without interruption with enhanced screening measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. [198] Human Rights Watch in its 2015 report described the situation of a Shia majority as more than tragic. [29], From the sixth to third century BC, Bahrain was part of the Achaemenid Empire. [186] Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings it had gained before. The source of this water is precipitation on the western mountains of Saudi Arabia. [261], Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995 with the country's domain suffix is '.bh'. Bahrain - which name means "two seas" - was one of the first states in the Gulf to discover oil and to build a refinery. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%,[242] with women over represented at 85% of the total. The state consists of two separate groups of islands, which together extend about 30 miles (50 km) from north to south and 10 miles (16 km) from east to west. [2] All commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic. [68], In 1783, Al-Madhkur lost the islands of Bahrain following his defeat by the Bani Utbah tribe at the 1782 Battle of Zubarah. [25] The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by Abbas I of the Safavid Empire,[64] which gave impetus to Shia Islam. The country’s chief city, port, and capital, Manama (Al-Manāmah), is located on the northeastern tip of Bahrain Island. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce very high humidity, especially at night. [302] The Ministry of Health sponsors regular vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as hepatitis B. Sea grass beds are important foraging grounds for some threatened species such as dugongs and the green turtle. Sunni Arabs have traditionally lived in areas such as Zallaq, Muharraq, Riffa and Hawar islands. [95] In 1948, following rising hostilities and looting,[96] most members of Bahrain's Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to Bombay, later settling in Israel (Pardes Hanna-Karkur) and the United Kingdom. The abundance of fresh water has provided Bahrain with fertile land, from which it gained importance historically as a harbour and trading centre in the Persian Gulf. In September, a government-appointed commission confirmed reports of grave human rights violations, including systematic torture. On 1 September 2006, Bahrain changed its weekend from being Thursdays and Fridays to Fridays and Saturdays, in order to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world. Akhbar Al Khaleej (أخبار الخليج) and Al Ayam (الأيام) are examples of major Arabic newspapers published daily. [170], Bahrain has established bilateral relations with 190 countries worldwide. [269] It has over 1.69 million people as of January 2020. [107], Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again. Manama, Arabic Al-Manāmah, capital and largest city of the state and emirate of Bahrain.It lies at the northeast tip of Bahrain island, in the Persian Gulf.About one-fifth of the emirate’s population lives in the city. [30][page needed], During the classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral Nearchus serving under Alexander the Great landed on Bahrain. [286] According to Bahraini writer Nancy Khedouri, the Jewish community of Bahrain is one of the youngest in the world, having its origins in the migration of a few families to the island from then-Iraq and then-Iran in the late 1880s. [291], At the beginning of the 20th century, Qur'anic schools (Kuttab) were the only form of education in Bahrain. The region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. As for cultural sites, residents, visitors, and tourists can re-live history through Bahrain’s many historical sites. [280] Shia have often complained of being politically repressed and economically marginalized in Bahrain; as a result, most of the protestors in the Bahraini uprising of 2011 were Shia.[281][282][283]. Khenchela 32. In the mid-15th century, the archipelago came under the rule of the Jabrids, a Bedouin dynasty also based in Al-Ahsa that ruled most of eastern Arabia. Bahrain. [228], The United States designated Bahrain a major non-NATO ally in 2001. [229] As of October 2014[update], Bahrain is ruled by an "authoritarian regime" and is rated as "Not Free" by the U.S.-based non-governmental Freedom House. Manama has a population of about 157,000 people and a metro population of 330,000. [65] For the next two centuries, Persian rulers retained control of the archipelago, interrupted by the 1717 and 1738 invasions of the Ibadis of Oman. [2] Nepali is also widely spoken in the Nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers community. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002. [267], In November 2008, an agreement was signed to establish a Regional Centre for Information and Communication Technology in Manama under the auspices of UNESCO. Bahraini physicians and nurses form a majority of the country's workforce in the health sector, unlike neighbouring Gulf states. The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia. Bahrain's decision was very likely approved in advance by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [100] The oil boom of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly, although the subsequent downturn hurt the economy. Bahrain was not new territory to the Bani Utbah; they had been a presence there since the 17th century. [296] MCG is one of the oldest private institutes in the country. They were arrested in 2014 and accused of killing a police officer. Bahrayn is the dual form of Arabic bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn originally means "the two seas". Djelfa 27. The country's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish in the offshore waters. [82] More importantly the British promised to support the rule of the Al Khalifa in Bahrain, securing its unstable position as rulers of the country. [135] Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161 km (100 mi) coastline. [171] As of 2012[update], Bahrain maintains a network of 25 embassies, 3 consulates and 4 permanent missions to the Arab League, United Nations and European Union respectively. By about 250 BC, Parthia brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman. Self-censorship is widespread. About 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. [313] Arabic calligraphy grew in popularity as the Bahraini government was an active patron in Islamic art, culminating in the establishment of an Islamic museum, Beit Al Quran. Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak Persian, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, an official language in Pakistan and a regional language in India. Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. [267], Bahrain invests little in research and development. Adrar 49. such as the Spring of Culture in March and April, the Bahrain Summer Festival and Ta’a Al-Shabab from August to September, and the Bahrain International Music Festival in October which features musical and theatrical performances, lectures, and much more. [313] Pottery-making and textile-weaving are also popular products that were widely made in Bahraini villages. [319], In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient land of Dilmun mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh. [239], Access to biocapacity in Bahrain is much lower than world average. [37][38] This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Aradus, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples. A few prominent institutions are the American University of Bahrain established in 2019,[297] the Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance, the Ernst & Young Training Institute, and the Birla Institute of Technology International Centre. Iran is alleged by United States and others to have a hand in the arming of Bahraini militants. In 2008, there were 17,743,495 passengers transiting through the causeway.[256]. [223] The municipality was in charge of cleaning roads and renting buildings to tenants and shops. The sawt style of music, which involves a complex form of urban music, performed by an Oud (plucked lute), a violin and mirwas (a drum), is also popular in Bahrain. Bahrain is the first nation other than United States of America to host International Mixed Martial Arts Federation World Championships of Amateur MMA. Many tourists from nearby Saudi Arabia and across the region visit Manama primarily for the shopping malls in the capital Manama, such as the Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall in the Seef district of Manama. In its modern capital, Manama, the acclaimed Bahrain National Museum showcases artifacts from the ancient Dilmun civilization that flourished in the region for millennia. Both the above races were won by Fernando Alonso of Renault. Country-specific domains ending with .bh, e.g. Gazelle and hares are not yet extinct, and lizards and jerboas (desert rodents) are common; the mongoose—probably imported from India—is found in the irrigated areas. [322] Ali Bahar was one of the most famous singers in Bahrain. Located at the north-eastern edge of Bahrain Island in the Persian Gulf, is Manama – the capital and largest city of Bahrain. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. [306] Sickle-cell anaemia and thalassaemia are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle-cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain. [260] In 2002, under pressure from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Bahrain, small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. [335] The 2012 race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the country. [334], Bahrain has a Formula One race-track, which hosted the inaugural Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix on 4 April 2004, the first in an Arab country. [267], In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Most of the population lives in the northern part of the main island. Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar, 2000. The four main islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads. [223] In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities: Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa. As of 1 January 2016, the population of Bahrain was estimated to be 1,393,661 people. [314] The annual Spring of Culture [315] festival run by the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities[316] has become a popular event promoting performance arts in the Kingdom. The topics covered by current exhibitions include junior engineering, human health, the five senses, Earth sciences and biodiversity. Hypocrisy on Parade: Washington Arms Bahrain, Denounces Russia For Arming Syria, "Welcome to Naval Support Activity Bahrain", U.S. The capital city is Manama. [254] Currently there are three modern bridges connecting the two locations. [181], The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile. The southern and western lowlands consist of a bleak sandy plain with some salt marshes, while the northern and northwestern coasts afford a striking contrast, forming a narrow belt of date palms and vegetable gardens irrigated from prolific springs and wells that tap artesian water. This ratio was on a par with investment in education in Lebanon and higher only than that in Qatar (2.4% in 2008) and Sudan (2.2% in 2009). [217] The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections. [267], Bahrain was one of 11 Arab states which counted a majority of female university graduates in science and engineering in 2014. This sentiment is enshrined in the country’s constitution, which affirms that “the family is the cornerstone of society, the strength of which lies in religion, ethics, and patriotism.”. [109], The country participated in military action against the Taliban in October 2001 by deploying a frigate in the Arabian Sea for rescue and humanitarian operations. [330][331], Brave Combat Federation is a Bahrain-based Mixed Martial Arts promotion which has hosted events in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and India. Arabic plays an important role in political life, as, according to article 57 (c) of Bahrain's constitution, an MP must be fluent in Arabic to stand for parliament. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [42] The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until Ptolemy's Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi. The latter were tribes returning to the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf from Persian territories in the north who were known as Huwala. Bahrain has a population of 1,5 million people (in 2018), including more than 800,000 non-nationals (53%). Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? [262] The number of Bahraini internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000[263] to 250,000 in 2008,[264] or from 5.95 to 33 percent of the population. [341] The Independent named it "one of the most controversial in the history of the sport". [145] The appointed council "exercises a de facto veto" over the elected, because draft acts must be approved so they may pass into law. Bahrain's islands Bahrain Island (al-Awal Island), the country's main island is about 50 km (30 mi) long and 16 km (10 mi) wide. [230], According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest-growing economy in the Arab world. [110] As a result, in November of that year, US president George W. Bush's administration designated Bahrain as a "major non-NATO ally". [251] Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League and Asian Tourism for 2014 with the Gulf Capital of Tourism for 2016 by The Gulf Cooperation Council. Commemoration of Muhammad's final sermon and completion of the message of Islam. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq. دار كليب‎ Restaurants. [292] As of 2011[update], there are a total of 126,981 students studying in public schools.[293]. [20][page needed] In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the saltwater as noted by visitors since antiquity. In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%[4] of the total area. Bahrain has a well-developed road network, particularly in Manama. The series has not returned since. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies to serve four-year terms. Bahrain gave women the right to vote in elections for the first time in 2002. [167], Bahrain participates in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh,[168] who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprising. The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning "the monastery". At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the Convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the former leader of salafist party, Asalah, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. Visit the Embassy's COVID-19 page for more information on COVID-19 in Bahrain. [133], Although Bahrain legalized homosexuality in 1976, many homosexuals have since been arrested. Blida 25. Domestic and foreign relations since independence, 1999–2010: Reforms of Sheikh Hamad ibn ʿIsa Al Khalifah, Bahrain - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Bahrain - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The agency plans to establish infrastructure for the observation of both outer space and the Earth. [175][176], Saudi Arabian troops were sent into Bahrain to crush pro-democracy protests in 2011. Women thus made up 43% of researchers at the University of Bahrain in 2014. A large share of exports consist of petroleum products made from imported crude oil, which accounted for 51% of the country's imports in 2007. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. It was an important center of the Dilmun Civilization (2nd and 1st millennia B.C. Thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded tribute from the caliph in Baghdad, and in 930 sacked Mecca and Medina, bringing the sacred Black Stone back to their base in Ahsa, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom. It also caused some problems between the Bahraini and the Qatari governments. [267], The available data for researchers in 2013 only cover the higher education sector. Bloggers and other netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011. [150] This was especially evident when in 2005 the government called off the Shia branch of the "Family law" after over 100,000 Shia took to the streets. It is harder to judge the contribution of women to research, as the data for 2013 only cover the higher education sector. The municipalities are listed below: After 3 July 2002, Bahrain was split into five administrative governorates, each of which has its own governor. Bahrain has five designated protected areas, four of which are marine environments. [233][234] Bahrain's banking and financial services sector, particularly Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil. The gas reserve in Bahrain is expected to last for less than 27 years, leaving the country with few sources of capital to pursue the development of new industries. دار كليب‎ Hotels. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.[254]. [163][164], The Government of Bahrain has close relations with the United States, having signed a cooperative agreement with the United States Military and has provided the United States a base in Juffair since the early 1990s, although a US naval presence existed since 1948. [133] Although the traditional male attire is the thobe which also includes traditional headdresses such as the keffiyeh, ghutra and agal, Western clothing is common in the country. After the Bani Utbah gained control of Bahrain, the Al Bin Ali had a practically independent status there as a self-governing tribe. www.my-domain.bh.bh. [329] Bahrain has its own top-tier domestic professional football league, the Bahraini Premier League. This is an island owned by the title of being the second-largest island among the famous island chains of Bahrain. [265], The Bahraini Economic Vision 2030 published in 2008 does not indicate how the stated goal of shifting from an economy built on oil wealth to a productive, globally competitive economy will be attained. [248], In January 2019 the state-run Bahrain News Agency announced the summer 2019 opening of an underwater theme park covering about 100,000 square meters with a sunken Boeing 747 as the site's centerpiece. Biskra 33. Boumerdes 24. The medieval grammarian al-Jawahari commented on this saying that the more formally correct term Bahrī (lit. [131], Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago in the Persian Gulf. The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war. Bahrain's pre-Islamic population consisted of Christian Arabs (mostly Abd al-Qays), Persians (Zoroastrians), Jews,[47] and Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists. [4], Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing price of oil since 1985, for example during and following the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990–91. [56][57], In 899, the Qarmatians, a millenarian Ismaili Muslim sect, seized Bahrain, seeking to create a utopian society based on reason and redistribution of property among initiates. Coincided with the memory of the martyrdom of. [204][205] In its latest report the Amnesty International accused both, US and the UK governments, of turning a blind eye to horrific abuses of human rights by the ruling Bahraini regime. Homosexuality in 1976, many homosexuals have since been hosted annually, except for 2011 when it was important... 'S COVID-19 page for more information on COVID-19 in Bahrain was estimated to be Muhammad... 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